Zinc ore processing involves a series of sequential and precise stages, beginning with the extraction of ore from open-pit or underground mines. After extraction, the rocks are crushed and ground to prepare them for separation. In the concentration stage, valuable zinc ores are separated from impurities using flotation methods and transformed into concentrates. The concentrates are then processed in a roasting stage, where they are converted into zinc oxide, with the excess sulfur being used for sulfuric acid production.
Next, through pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods, the zinc oxide is refined and converted into pure metal using electrolysis. The resulting zinc metal is then melted and produced into standard ingots, which are marketed. Recycling of waste and the reduction of pollutants at all stages are crucial for improving efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. The industry faces challenges such as diminishing high-quality reserves and energy costs, but with the use of modern technologies, its sustainability can be ensured.