Zinc ore processing involves a series of sequential and precise stages, beginning with the extraction of ore from open-pit or underground mines. After extraction, the rocks are crushed and ground to prepare them for separation. In the concentration stage, valuable zinc ores are separated from impurities using flotation methods and converted into concentrates. The concentrates are then processed in a roasting stage, where they are transformed into zinc oxide, and the excess sulfur is used to produce sulfuric acid.
Next, through either pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods, the zinc oxide is refined and converted into pure zinc metal using electrolysis. The resulting zinc is then melted and cast into standard ingots, which are ready for sale. Recycling of waste and reducing pollutants at all stages is crucial for improving efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. This industry faces challenges such as the depletion of high-quality reserves and energy costs, but with the use of modern technologies, its sustainability can be ensured.